The utility of space-based imagery was obvious almost from the moment that people thought of putting cameras in space, but for the first decade or so of spaceflight, the ability to launch things was limited to only the USSR and the US, and they used this capability primarily for military purposes, with limited exceptions for communications and meteorology.

Dick Gordon sets up a Hasselblad camera in the Apollo 12 simulator
Because of the cloak of secrecy that shrouded both side's reconnaissance satellite programs, the first good look anyone in the wider world got at the Earth from space was through cameras carried aboard manned spacecraft. At least on the US side, these were Hasselblad handheld cameras, and produced stunning photos that had nowhere near the resolution of something like Corona. But they were still of great interest to researchers in fields like agriculture, forestry, hydrology and geology, who had a new window onto the planet that they studied. Pressure began to build for a dedicated platform to produce low-resolution imagery for Earth scientists, finally culminating with the flight of Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1, later known as Landsat-1, in 1972. Read more...
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